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| The First Philosophers | "Philosophy begins with Thales" | The First Philosophers |
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| CONFUCIUS | "The object of the superior man is truth" | The Analects (c450BC) |
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| PLATO | "Until Philosophers are kings...cities will never have rest from their troubles". | The Republic (c355BC)
The Symposium (c355BC)
The Apology (c355BC) |
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| ARISTOTLE | "If it is in our power to act nobly, it is also in our power to do evil." | Nicomachean Ethics (c300BC)
The Politics (c300BC) |
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| EPICURUS | "No pleasure is a bad thing in itself" | Sovran Maxims (c300BC) |
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| CICERO | "Virtue is the foundation of friendship" | On Friendship and Old Age (c50BC) |
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| Marcus AURELIUS | "...We live but for a moment" | Meditations (c180AD) |
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| St AUGUSTINE | "Too late have I come to love you, O beauty so ancient and so fresh" | Confessions (c390) |
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| Severinus BOETHIUS | "The good are always strong" | The Consolation of Philosophy (c520) |
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| Desiderius ERASMUS | "Fortune favours the fool." | In Praise of Folly (1515) |
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| Thomas MORE | "All princes have more delights in warlike matters... than in the good feats of peace" | Utopia (1515) |
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| Niccolò MACHIAVELLI | "Men ought either to be well treated or crushed" | The Prince (1520) |
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| Nicolaus COPERNICUS | "Therefore, the earth is not flat" | Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs (1543) |
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| Francis BACON | "if a man ... be content to begin with doubts, he shall end in certainties. | The Advancement of Learning (1605) |
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| René DESCARTES | "I think, therefore I am" | Meditations on First Philosophy (1641)
Discourse on Method (1637) |
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| Thomas HOBBES | "...the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" | Leviathan (1651) |
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| Blaise PASCAL | "Man is but a reed, the most feeble thing in nature, but he is a thinking reed." | Thoughts (1660) |
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| Baruch SPINOZA | "there can be no hope without fear, and no fear without hope" | Ethics (1677) |
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| Isaac NEWTON | "I am only a child playing on the beach, while vast oceans of truth lie undiscovered before me." | Natural Mathematical Principles of Philosophy (1677) |
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| John LOCKE | "I have always thought the actions of men the best interpreters of their thoughts" | Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) |
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| Gottfried LEIBNIZ | "The soul is the mirror of the universe" | Monadology (1698) |
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| George BERKELEY | "Essence IS perception" | Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) |
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| David HUME | "It is never possible to deduce judgements of value from matters of fact" | Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1751) |
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| Jean-Jacques ROUSSEAU | "Man was born free, and everywhere he is in irons" | The Social Contract (1762) |
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| Adam SMITH | "It is not from the benevolence of the.. baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest." | The Wealth of Nations (1776) |
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| Immanuel KANT | "Reason is the pupil of itself alone. It is the oldest of the sciences" | Critiques of Pure & Practical Reason (1781)
Metaphysics of Morals (1785) |
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| Jeremy BENTHAM | "Mankind is governed by pain and pleasure" | Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) |
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| Thomas PAINE | "Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil" | The Rights of Man (1792) |
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| Mary WOLLSTONECRAFT | "I do not wish them to have power over men; but over themselves." | Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) |
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| Le Marquis De SADE | "Cruelty is a virtue, not a vice." | Philosophy in the Boudoir (1795) |
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| Auguste COMTE | "Society... cannot be regarded as composed of individuals.." | Positive Philosophy (1795) |
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| Carl Von CLAUSEWITZ | "War is the continuation of politics by other means" | On War (1830) |
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| Alexis de Tocqueville | "In America I saw more than America; I sought the image of democracy itself." | Democracy in America (1835) |
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| GWF HEGEL | "God is the absolute truth." | The Philosophy of Religion (1832)
The Philosophy of History (1837) |
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| Ralph Waldo EMERSON | "A man is a god in ruins." | Nature (1836) |
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| Arthur SCHOPENHAUER | "We can surely never arrive at the nature of things from without." | The World as Will and Idea (1844) |
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| MARX and ENGELS | "The ideas of the ruling class are the ruling ideas." | The German Ideology (1846)
The Communist Manifesto (1846) |
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| John Stuart MILL | "Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign." | On Liberty (1859)
A System of Logic (1843) |
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| Henry D THOREAU | "It is never too late to give up our prejudices.." | Walden (1854) |
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| Charles DARWIN | "...endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved." | On The Origin of Species (1859) |
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| Friedrich NIETZSCHE | "When you stare into an abyss ... the abyss also stares into you". | Beyond Good and Evil (1886) |
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| William JAMES | "If merely 'feeling good' could decide, drunkenness would be the supremely valid human experience". | Varieties of Religious Experience (1902) |
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| Sigmund FREUD | "...we men... find reality generally quite unsatisfactory" | Psychoanalysis (1910) |
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| Albert EINSTEIN | "Gott würfelt nicht (God does not play dice)" | Relativity (1916) |
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| Ludwig WITTGENSTEIN | "The world is the totality of facts, not things." | Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921) |
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| A.J. AYER | "...logic and mathematics are true simply because we never allow them to be anything else." | Language, Truth + Logic (1936) |
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| Jean-Paul SARTRE | "Once freedom has exploded in the soul of man, the gods no longer have any power over him" | Existentialism is a Humanism (1945) |
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| Alan TURING | "Can machines think?" | Computing Machinery & Intelligence (1950) |
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| Sir Karl POPPER | "Science may be described as the art of systematic oversimplification" | The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1957) |
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| Ayn RAND | "Objectivist ethics proudly advocates and upholds rational selfishness." |
